At the beginning of the Bellum Judaicum, Josephus states that the main cause of the defeat against the Romans has been the στάσις οἰκεία, the harsh conflict that has characterized all of the Jewish communities. Between the Ist century BC and the Ist AD, the élites of the main religious sects of Palestine (Zealots, Pharisees, Sadducees) had woven difficult diplomatic relations with the Romans; at the same time many ephemeral demagogues, with their messianic sermons, instigated the masses to rebellion. Very particular is the case of the Sicarî; born with the revolt of Judas the Galilean at the time of the census of Quirinius, they became, in the course of the Ist century AD, the most violent sect of Palestine, hated by Josephus for their intransigence and their crimes; during the revolt of 66 AD, however, the Sicarî didn’t participate in anti-Roman war, they migrated to Jerusalem and established themselves in the herodian fortress of Masada. Our goal is to trace the history and the migration of this sect, explaining its ideology and its particular conception of royalty which does not allow other rule except God. We also aim at analyzing the story of the incredible death of the Sicari and its consequences on the modern era: on the top of Masada, 960 Sicarii men, women, and children, motivated by the words of their leader Eleazar, a descendant of Judas the Galilean, committed collective suicide rather than face shameful capture by the Romans. After 1948, the new state of Israel, totally forgetting the historiographical judgment of Joseph, praised the fighters of Masada as national heroes in order to create a myth on which to build a national identity. Josephus provides the only source for this incident. His description of the events, therefore, deserves close scrutiny. Many scholars, in fact, have examined all of the assertions of Josephus, juxtaposing his written record with archeological findings and knowledge of Roman military imperial tactics.
All’inizio della Guerra Giudaica, Flavio Giuseppe afferma che la principale causa della sconfitta contro i romani fu la στάσις οἰκεία, la conflittualità interna agli ebrei: tra il I secolo a.C. e il I d.C., le élites delle principali sette religiose della Palestina, (zeloti, farisei, sadducei) intessevano difficili relazioni diplomatiche coi i romani, mentre numerosi ed effimeri capipopolo, con le loro predicazioni messianiche, istigavano le masse popolari alla ribellione. Molto particolare è il caso dei sicarî; nati con la rivolta di Giuda il Galileo ai tempi del censimento di Quirinio, essi divengono, nel corso del I secolo d.C., la più violenta setta della Palestina, odiati da Giuseppe per la loro intransigenza e i loro crimini; durante la rivolta del 66, però, essi non partecipano alla guerra antiromana, emigrano da Gerusalemme e si stanziano nella roccaforte di Masada. Nostro obiettivo è quello di ripercorrere la storia e la migrazione dei sicarî spiegandone l’ideologia e la particolare concezione della regalità che non ammette altra dominazione all’infuori di Dio. Verrà poi analizzato il racconto della loro morte (che leggiamo solo da Giuseppe) e le sue conseguenze in epoca moderna: sulla vetta di Masada, dopo lo spettacolare assedio dei romani, 960 sicarî, spinti dalle parole del loro leader Eleazar, un discendente di Giuda il Galileo, si suicidarono collettivamente. Dopo il 1948 il neo stato di Israele, dimenticando totalmente il giudizio storiografico di Giuseppe, sfruttò per fini ideologici la morte dei Sicarî facendone dei martiri per la libertà.
La nascita dei Sicarî. Dall’ἀρχιλῃστής Ezechia al σοφιστής Giuda il Galileo / Ravallese, Maurizio. - In: APPUNTI ROMANI DI FILOLOGIA. - ISSN 1129-3764. - 21:(2019), pp. 25-47.
La nascita dei Sicarî. Dall’ἀρχιλῃστής Ezechia al σοφιστής Giuda il Galileo
RAVALLESE, MAURIZIO
2019-01-01
Abstract
At the beginning of the Bellum Judaicum, Josephus states that the main cause of the defeat against the Romans has been the στάσις οἰκεία, the harsh conflict that has characterized all of the Jewish communities. Between the Ist century BC and the Ist AD, the élites of the main religious sects of Palestine (Zealots, Pharisees, Sadducees) had woven difficult diplomatic relations with the Romans; at the same time many ephemeral demagogues, with their messianic sermons, instigated the masses to rebellion. Very particular is the case of the Sicarî; born with the revolt of Judas the Galilean at the time of the census of Quirinius, they became, in the course of the Ist century AD, the most violent sect of Palestine, hated by Josephus for their intransigence and their crimes; during the revolt of 66 AD, however, the Sicarî didn’t participate in anti-Roman war, they migrated to Jerusalem and established themselves in the herodian fortress of Masada. Our goal is to trace the history and the migration of this sect, explaining its ideology and its particular conception of royalty which does not allow other rule except God. We also aim at analyzing the story of the incredible death of the Sicari and its consequences on the modern era: on the top of Masada, 960 Sicarii men, women, and children, motivated by the words of their leader Eleazar, a descendant of Judas the Galilean, committed collective suicide rather than face shameful capture by the Romans. After 1948, the new state of Israel, totally forgetting the historiographical judgment of Joseph, praised the fighters of Masada as national heroes in order to create a myth on which to build a national identity. Josephus provides the only source for this incident. His description of the events, therefore, deserves close scrutiny. Many scholars, in fact, have examined all of the assertions of Josephus, juxtaposing his written record with archeological findings and knowledge of Roman military imperial tactics.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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